印度尼西亚法律视角下的知识产权(2020)

Intellectual Property Rights in Legal Perspective in Indonesia

印度尼西亚法律视角下的知识产权

(Chinese and English are unofficial translation)

（中英文参考译本）

 

 

※使用申明：英文文本由eudl.eu提供，中文译本系陕西省知识产权保护中心组织翻译；本译本仅供参考。

※版权申明：中文译本©版权归陕西省知识产权保护中心所有，如引用请标明出处。

※译制日期：2023年11月

 

 

 

 

 

Intellectual Property Rights in Legal Perspective in Indonesia

印度尼西亚法律视角下的知识产权

Fauzan Indra¹, Faisal Santiago²

{fauzanunbor@gmail.com¹, faisalsantiago@borobudur.ac.id²}

Universitas Borobudur, Jakarta, Indonesia^1,2

波罗浮屠大学，印度尼西亚雅加达^1,2

Abstract. Creativity and productivity in creating works provide an opportunity to be able to patent into Intellectual Property Rights. The development and progress of science and technology offer a broad space in developing the potential for the creation of something new. However, the protection of Intellectual Property Rights is still a problem in Indonesia. Through a normative juridical approach accompanied by data collection through literature found that the state needs to protect Intellectual Property Rights, based on justice and balance. This protection is functional for respecting intellectual property but still provides a balance so that monopolistic practices do not occur in the community.

摘要。作品创作中的创造力和生产力为能够获得知识产权专利提供了机会。科技的发展和进步为开发创造新事物的潜力提供了广阔的空间。然而，在印度尼西亚，知识产权保护仍然是一个问题。通过规范的司法方法，同时通过文献收集数据，发现国家需要在公正和平衡的基础上保护知识产权。这种保护虽然在尊重知识产权方面发挥了作用，但仍提供了一种平衡，避免社会上出现垄断行为。

Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights; Protection; Guarantee

关键词：知识产权；保护；保证

1 Introduction

1.简介

In simple terms, intellectual property (IP) is a property that arises or arises from human intellectual abilities. Works that occur or emerge from human intellectual capabilities can be in the form of deeds in technology, science, art, and literature fields. These works are born or produced from human intellectual capacity through the outpouring of time, energy, thought, creativity, taste, and intention. It distinguishes intellectual property from other types of wealth that can also own by humans but are not produced by human reason. For example, natural wealth in the form of land and/or plants found in nature is the Creator's creation. Although the earth and/or plants may belong to humans, they are not the product of human intellectual creation. Wealth or wealth in the form of works arising from the human mind or intelligence has economic value or benefits for human life, so it can also be considered as a business asset. Creations born or produced based on human intellectual abilities, either through the growth of energy, thought and creativity, taste, and intention, are naturally ensured by the development of a legal protection system for such property, known as Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) or IPR system [1]. IPR is a means to protect intellectual property by using existing legal instruments, namely copyrights, patents, trademarks and geographical indications, trade secrets, industrial designs, layout designs, integrated circuits, and protection of plant varieties.

简单来说，知识产权（IP）是一种源于或产生于人类智力能力的所有权。从人类智力能力中产生或涌现的作品，可以以技术、科学、艺术、文学等领域的行为形式出现。这些作品是通过时间、精力、思想、创造力、品味和意图的流露，从人类的智力能力中诞生或产生的。其将知识产权与其他类型的财富区分开来，这些财富也可以由人类拥有，但不是由人类理性产生的。例如，大自然中以土地和/或植物形式存在的自然财富是造物主的创造物。尽管土壤和/或植物可能属于人类，但其不是人类智力创造的产物。由于从人类思维或智力产生的财富或作品形式的财富对人类生活具有经济价值或经济利益，因此也可以被视为商业资产。基于人类智力能力诞生或产生的创造物，无论是通过精力、思想和创造力、品味以及意图的增长，自然都要通过为这种所有权制定法律保护制度加以保护，这种制度被称为知识产权（IPR）或知识产权制度[1]。知识产权是利用现有法律文书保护知识产权的一种手段，即版权、专利、商标和地理标志、商业秘密、工业品外观设计、布图设计、集成电路和植物品种的保护。

Intellectual property rights are personal rights for everyone who creates an intellectual work. That is where the characteristic of IPR is that a person is free to submit or not submit or register his intellect work. The exclusive rights granted by the state to individual IPR actors (inventors, creators, designers, etc.) are intended to enhance the work (creativity) and encourage others to develop it further. The community interests are determined by the market mechanism [2]. In addition, the IPR system supports the creation of a great documentation system for all forms of human creativity so that the possibility of producing the same technology or other works can be avoided/prevented. It hopes that the community can make maximum use of it for their daily needs or develop it further to provide more added value supported by excellent documentation. The problem of IPR is a problem that continues to grow and follows the development of science and technology (IPTEK). Intellectual property rights have become a vital element for a country to maintain its industrial and commercial advantages. During the competition in the industrial world in an era of turmoil, it is crucial to be able to provide guarantees to IPRs so that there is no monopoly by some parties. This document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the protection of intellectual property rights by the Indonesian government.

知识产权是每个创造智力作品的人的个人权利。这就是知识产权的特点所在，即一个人可以自由提交或不提交或注册其智力作品。国家授予个人知识产权参与者（发明人、创作者、设计师等）的专有权旨在增强作品（创造力）并鼓励其他人进一步发展。公共利益由市场机制决定[2]。此外，知识产权制度支持为所有形式的人类创造力创建一个巨大的文件系统，从而避免/阻止生产相同技术或其他作品的可能性。希望社会能够最大限度地利用其来满足他们的日常需求，或对其进行进一步开发，在优秀文件的支持下提供更多的附加值。知识产权问题是一个随着科技发展而不断加剧的问题（IPTEK）。知识产权已成为一个国家保持其工业和商业优势的重要因素。在动荡时代的工业界竞争中，能够为知识产权提供保障至关重要，这样就不会被某些其他方垄断。本文件对印度尼西亚政府对知识产权的保护进行了综述。

2 Methodology

2.方法

The methodology used in this research is normative research [3], which will use descriptive research with a normative juridical approach, based on applicable laws and regulations [4]. By using secondary data as a normative research approach that seeks and uses library materials such as scientific writings and scientific journals, books on Intellectual Property Rights.

本研究中使用的方法为规范研究[3]，将基于适用的法律和法规，使用描述性研究和规范的司法方法[4]。将二次数据作为一种规范的研究方法，寻求并使用图书馆资料，如科学作品和科学期刊、知识产权书籍。

3 Results and Discussion

3.结果与讨论

Economic development in today's world cannot be separated from the IPR system, in everyday life, has been recognized how great the influence of human intelligence is. The results of human genius with the produced intellectual work have contributed a lot to help us live a better life. This can be seen from the environment or from the house we live in, various household appliances, clothing, electronics, communication, transportation, office equipment, and others are the result of human intellectual work that greatly helps human life in carrying out its activities [1]. Therefore, to encourage other beneficial creations, it is crucial to stimulate those who create or invest in the creation of spiritual works. Developed countries have recognized the need for incentives for centuries by establishing a system in which new or original intellectual work is treated as a property known as intellectual property.

当今世界的经济发展离不开知识产权制度，在日常生活中，人们已经认识到人类智力的影响有多大。产生智力作品的人类天才的结果为帮助我们生活得更好做出了很大贡献。这可以从环境或从我们居住的房子中看出，各种家用电器、服装、电子产品、通信、交通、办公设备等都是人类智力作品的结果，极大地帮助了人类生活的开展[1]。因此，为了鼓励其他有益的创作，激励那些创作或投资于精神作品创作的人至关重要。几个世纪以来，发达国家已经认识到鼓励措施的必要性，建立了一种制度，将新的或原始的智力作品视为一种被称为知识产权的所有权。

Intellectual property accelerates the economic development of a nation. Not only the quality of intellectual property but also the transfer of technology and knowledge will improve by the establishment of intellectual property protection for those who create intellectual works or invest in the creation of intellectual works. Developed countries Intellectual property rights are not only a legal instrument used only to protect someone's intellectual work, but also used as a business strategy tool to commercialize an invention. State awards in granting monopoly rights to producers of intellectual works allow intellectuals to economically exploit their inventions [5]. Incentives for intellectual property rights holders in the form of a monopoly are intended so that producers of intellectual works can use or utilize their intellectual property within a certain period. A monopoly over the use and benefit of intellectual property allows rights holders to receive income and profits for the time, money, and effort they put into creating intellectual property. With sufficient income, rights holders can invent an even better intellectual property.

知识产权促进了一个国家的经济发展。通过为创作智力作品或投资创作智力作品的人建立知识产权保护，不仅可以提高知识产权的质量，还可以提高技术和知识的转让。发达国家知识产权不仅是一种仅用于保护某人智力作品的法律文书，而且也是一种将发明商品化的商业战略工具。国家授予智力作品生产者专利权的奖项允许知识分子在经济上利用其发明[5]。旨在以垄断形式激励知识产权持有人，以便使智力作品的生产者能够在一定时间内使用或利用其知识产权。对知识产权的使用和利益的垄断允许权利持有人能够获得其在创造知识产权方面投入的时间、金钱和精力的收益和利润。有了足够的收入，权利持有人就可以发明更好的知识产权。

The rights of the creators of intellectual works are not only in the form of economic rights but also in the form of moral rights that maintain the integrity of the intellectual works produced. In addition, there are social benefits in the form of diffusion, enrichment, and government support for the development of the IPR system [1]. The intellectual property rights system is expected to play a role in building a culture that can transform the user community into a society that develops its potential to give birth to new creators, inventors, and designers. To compete in the world market, industry players must know and follow the commercial regulations developed and implemented in the destination country, including those concerning intellectual property rights. Customs in some countries also require that IPR documents can be attached to mandatory documents and additional documents. Lack of understanding of the regulations of the destination country can cause difficulties for Indonesian products, especially when entering foreign markets, and if the product is successful, then the risk of being sued by the holder of intellectual property rights of a product in foreign markets is very high.

智力作品创作者的权利不仅以经济权利的形式存在，而且以维护所产生智力作品完整性的道德权利的形式存在。此外，知识产权制度的发展也有扩散、丰富和政府支持等形式的社会利益[1]。知识产权制度有望在建立一种文化方面发挥作用，这种文化可以将用户社区转变为一个发展其潜力，产生新的创造者、发明人和设计师的社会。为了在世界市场上竞争，行业参与者必须了解并遵守目的地国家制定和实施的商业法规，包括有关知识产权的法规。一些国家的海关还要求知识产权文件可以附于强制性文件和附加文件。不了解目的地国家的法规可能会给印度尼西亚的产品造成困难，尤其是在进入外国市场时。如果产品成功，则在外国市场上被产品知识产权持有人起诉的风险会非常高。

The growing perception of property rights in intellectual works ultimately also raises the need to protect or defend them from others. The concept of legal protection for intellect works arises from this need. It is a journey from intellectual property to the legal system. Legal protection, monopoly rights, or exclusive rights for people who can produce intellectual works are considered to help in maintaining the peace of rights holders from interference from others so that they can enjoy the maximum economic benefits from hard work Changing and encouraging others to do so, to work hard, to compete. Based on this, a person participating in the exploitation of profits without the consent of the intellectual property owner is considered an infringement. Intellectual property is an abstract right compared to the ownership of tangible objects, but these rights are closer to property rights, and both are absolute. It is because rights, which are abstract after leaving the human mind, then become literary, scientific, or artistic creations, computer programs, symbols, technological inventions, trade secrets, designs, or finally tangible objects (lichamelijke zaak), exploitation (exploitation), and what kind of reproduction that can be a source of profit.

对知识产权的认识日益增强，，逐渐认识到保护或保卫知识产权不受他人侵犯的必要性。智力作品法律保护的概念正是出于这种需要而产生的。这是一次从知识产权到法律体系的旅程。对于能够创作智力作品的人提供法律保护、垄断权或专有权，被认为有助于维护权利持有人的权益使其免受他人的干扰，从而使其能够从努力工作中获得最大的经济利益，改变和鼓励他人这样做，努力工作，竞争。基于此，未经知识产权所有人同意而参与利用利润的人被视为侵权。与有形物体的所有权相比，知识产权是一种抽象权利，但这些权利更接近于产权，且两者都是绝对的。这是因为权利在离开人类思维后是抽象的，然后变为文学、科学或艺术创作、计算机程序、符号、技术发明、商业秘密、设计，或最终变为有形物体、利用，以及何种复制可以成为利润来源。

That justifies the classification of these rights under property law. Based on their nature, intellectual property rights are classified as property rights to intangible assets. The concept of extending property rights from only tangible assets to intangible assets is intended to allow for the justification of intellectual property rights as subject to criminal theft or counterfeiting. At first, IPR violations could not be criminalized in Indonesia. Even in the United States, the country that pioneered the enforcement of intellectual property rights worldwide before the Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984 came into effect in the United States Congress, still believes that this form of trademark ownership cannot be construed as a criminal act that meets the elements of the crime of theft or forgery [6].

这证明了根据财产法，这些权利的分类是合理的。根据其性质，知识产权被分类为无形资产的产权。将产权从有形资产扩展到无形资产的概念，旨在为知识产权作为盗窃或假冒提供正当理由。首先，在印度尼西亚，侵犯知识产权不能被定为犯罪。即使在美国，这个在《1984年假冒商标法》在美国国会生效之前率先在全球范围内实施知识产权的国家，仍然认为这种形式的商标所有权不能被解释为符合盗窃罪或伪造罪要素的犯罪行为[6]。

The State's commitment to protecting the intellectual property rights of its citizens can arise because this intellectual property instrument is essentially an instrument that does not want to appreciate the work of the human mind wherever it comes from in the development of intellectual property only or economic value for the beneficiary, but also a sizable benefit for the State. In 1993, an investigation by Stichting Voor Economische Onderzoek (SEO) at the University of Amsterdam showed that the copyright industry not only increased gross domestic product but also the number of local workers. Another study showed that the valueadded of the copyright industry was estimated at twenty billion guilders in 1989.

国家之所以致力于保护其公民的知识产权，是因为这一知识产权文书本质上是一种工具，不仅希望感谢人类在知识产权的发展中为受益人带来经济价值，不论其来自何处，而且希望为国家带来可观的经济利益。1993年，阿姆斯特丹大学Stichting Voor Economische Onderzoek（SEO）的一项调查显示，版权产业不仅增加了国内生产总值，而且增加了当地工人的数量。另一项研究显示，1989年版权产业的附加值估计为两百亿荷兰盾。

Indeed, what has proven to be effective in Indonesian society is what some experts previously feared, where the entry of intellectual property rights into the Indonesian legal system has created problems in society. According to Sri Rejeki Hartono, the perspective on intellectual property rights that seems to answer global challenges is a negative perspective on society. That is caused by several factors such as community cultural factors, lack of attention to property rights, lack of order in the maintenance of own property, and collective society. In addition, there are weak law enforcement factors, relatively very limited legal training, lack of responsiveness from the authorities, and the inability or lack of agile actions from those responsible and relevant to the enforcement of intellectual property rights.

事实上，在印度尼西亚社会中被证明是有效的，这正是一些专家之前所担心的，因为知识产权进入印度尼西亚法律体系给社会造成了困难。根据Sri Rejeki Hartono的说法，似乎能解决全球挑战的知识产权视角是一种消极的社会视角。这是由若干因素，如社区文化因素、对产权的不重视、维护拥有财产缺乏秩序以及集体社会造成的。此外，执法不力因素，法律培训相对非常有限，当局缺乏响应能力，而且知识产权执行责任人和相关人员无力或缺乏灵活行动。

The introduction of intellectual property rights as intangible individual property rights and their direct elaboration in a definite legal order, especially in economic life, is a new thing in Indonesia. As a legal system, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) has not experienced an increase in the legal system since its inception in Indonesia. Its presence also complements the concept of property rights in Indonesian civil law. As will be clear, the notion of property rights known in civil law and force to this day depends on the notion of materiality. Moreover, this concept also relies heavily on physical assumptions, namely nature/soil and other objects contained or cultivated in it. Even if later developed on the assumption of non-physical or intangible, these rights are still derivatives of rights that arise from the material concept. The second book on the material of the Civil Code that has been applied so far shows all of it. The entire contents of Book Two do not consider any property rights arising from or arising from the intellectual abilities of the person himself.

在印度尼西亚，将知识产权作为无形的个人产权引入并在明确的法律秩序中直接阐述，尤其是在经济生活中，是一项新事物。作为法律体系，自知识产权（IPR）在印度尼西亚诞生以来，在法律体系中其并未增加。其存在也补充了印度尼西亚民法中的产权概念。显而易见，迄今为止民法和民法效力中的产权概念依赖于实质性概念。此外，这一概念还严重依赖于实体假设，即自然/土壤和其中包含或培育的其他物体。即使后来在非实体或无形的假设基础上发展起来，这些权利仍然是由物质概念产生的权利衍生物。关于《民法典》材料的第二本书，迄今为止已经应用了所有的内容。第二册的全部内容不考虑任何由个人智力能力产生的产权。

In addition, the culture of mutual cooperation is one of the characteristics of Indonesian society, this value has given birth to the concept of own property rights. For Indonesian people, property rights have a social function that can also be carried out by others. For the most part, Indonesian people, especially IPR holders, until now do not consider their intellectual property rights to be used or exploited by others, while intellectual property rights themselves are not Indonesian cultural values, but western values regulated in the legal system. Therefore, the application of intellectual property rights in people's lives creates conflicts with traditional cultural values that are institutionalized in people's lives and also creates a big “culture shock”. Moreover, if there is an act that is qualified as a crime in the concept of intellectual property rights, but in the cultural values of the community, it would not be considered as a crime. This culture shock will affect the awareness, appreciation, respect, and enforcement of intellectual property rights in society. This condition is aggravated by a mentality that underestimates quality, a penetrating mentality, self-doubt, and a mentality that likes to ignore responsibilities that grow in Indonesian society.

此外，相互合作的文化是印度尼西亚社会的特征之一，这种价值观产生了拥有产权的概念。对印尼人民来说，产权具有社会功能，也可以由其他人行使。大多数情况下，印尼人民，尤其是知识产权持有人，直到现在都不认为其知识产权被其他人使用或利用，而知识产权本身并不是印度尼西亚的文化价值观，而是法律体系中规定的西方价值观。因此，知识产权在人们生活中的应用与人们生活中制度化的传统文化价值观产生了冲突，也造成了巨大的“文化冲击”。此外，如果有一种行为在知识产权的概念中被认定为犯罪，但在社会的文化价值观中，则不会被视为犯罪。这种文化冲击将影响社会对知识产权的认识、欣赏、尊重和执行。这种情况因低估质量的思维方式、敏锐的思维方式、自我怀疑和喜欢忽视印度尼西亚社会责任的思维方式而加剧。

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) thus aim to improve the protection and law enforcement of IPRs related to trade in goods and services and strengthen regulations on counterfeit products. The TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, including the Trade in Counterfeit Goods) requires member states to comply with the TRIPS Agreement but provides freedom to determine how it "applies following member countries' practices and legal systems. As such, The TRIPS Agreement provides legislative options that can give developing and least developed countries the opportunity to enact intellectual property rights laws as needed. Furthermore, the TRIPS Agreement states that the Member States may adopt or amend their laws and regulations to create the necessary protections for community health and nutrition and to support the public interest in vital sectors essential to socio-economic and technological development.

因此，知识产权（IPR）旨在提高对与商品和服务贸易有关的知识产权的保护和执法，并加强对假冒产品的监管。《TRIPS协定》（与贸易有关的知识产权协议，包括假冒商品贸易）要求成员国遵守《TRIPS协定》，但提供了确定其如何“应用遵循成员国的做法和法律体系”的自由。因此，《TRIPS协定》提供了立法选择，可以给予发展中国家和最不发达国家机会根据需要制定知识产权法。此外，《TRIPS协定》规定，成员国可以通过或修订其法律和法规，为社会健康和营养提供必要的保护，并支持对社会经济和技术发展至关重要的重要行业的公共利益。

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) disputes in Indonesia are only resolved through civil and criminal channels. The Civil Code contains questions about cancellations (patents) which can be divided into two parts which are cancellation by law (due to non-payment of annual fees) and cancellation, namely cancellation at the request of the competent authority IPR itself or by other parties. Cancellation for legal reasons means no process is needed, the decision is taken directly by the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights (DGIP).

印度尼西亚的知识产权（IPR）纠纷只能通过民事和刑事渠道解决。《民法典》包含关于撤销（专利）的问题，分为了两部分，即依法撤销（因未支付年费）和应主管部门（IPR）要求或其他方撤销。由于法律原因撤销意味着不需要任何程序，由知识产权总局（DGIP）直接做出决定。

4 Conclusion

4.结论

The IPR legal system is intentionally used as a monitoring tool to break down or break down the barriers of space and time, which have been used as an excuse by developing countries to regulate their laws, which are often considered obstructive or incompatible with the economic interests of developed countries. Transplantation of the legal system of intellectual property rights, which moreover emerges from an individualistic culture where property rights to an intellectual work must receive exclusive legal protection, into Indonesian society which has a basic and cooperation culture, where property rights over an object which has a social function, coupled with the lack of an appreciative culture in intellectual work, as well as the large number of people who have a profit mentality, have created a culture shock that opens up many opportunities or spaces for emergence "waves" of conflict in society.

知识产权法律体系被有意用作打破或消除空间和时间障碍的监督工具，发展中国家以此为借口规范其法律，而这些法律往往被认为阻碍或不符合发达国家的经济利益。将知识产权的法律体系移植到印度尼西亚社会，这种体系产生于个人主义文化，在这种文化中，智力作品的产权必须得到专门的法律保护，而印度尼西亚社会具有基本和合作文化，在这种文化中，对具有社会功能的物品的产权，再加上智力作品中缺乏欣赏文化，以及大量有盈利思维方式的人，造成了文化冲击，为社会冲突的“浪潮”的出现开辟了许多机会或空间。

References

参考

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