缅甸2023专利法律法规报告

Patent Laws and Regulations Myanmar 2023

缅甸2023年专利法律法规

ICLG - Patent Laws and Regulations - Myanmar Chapter covers common issues in patent laws and regulations – including enforcement, amendment, licensing, term extension, and prosecution.

ICLG——专利法律法规——缅甸章节涵盖专利法律法规中的常见问题（包括执行、修改、许可、期限延长和起诉）。

Published: 07/10/2022

发表日期：2022年10月7日

Chapter Content

章节目录

Free Access

自由访问

1. Patent Enforcement

1.专利执行

2. Patent Amendment

2.专利修改

3. Licensing

3.许可

4. Patent Term Extension

4.专利期限延长

5. Patent Prosecution and Opposition

5.专利起诉与异议

6. Border Control Measures

6.边境管制措施

7. Antitrust Law and Inequitable Conduct

7.反垄断法和不公平行为

8. Current Developments

8.发展现状

1. Patent Enforcement

1.专利执行

1.1 Before what tribunals can a patent be enforced against an infringer? Is there a choice between tribunals and what would influence a claimant’s choice?

1.1在何种法庭上可以对侵权者强制执行专利？是否可以选择法庭？哪些因素会影响申请人的选择？

Myanmar’s Patent Law (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 7/2019) was enacted on March 11, 2019, but has yet to be brought into force. Intellectual property rights currently have limited protection under the common law system. While there are certain common law principles that allow for infringement proceedings to be brought, these are imprecise and primarily relate to trademarks. There are no precedent cases relating to patent infringement under the common law system.

缅甸《专利法》（金融机构管理法，2019年7号法律）于2019年3月11日颁布，但尚未生效。目前，普通法体系对知识产权的保护有限。虽然存在某些允许提起侵权诉讼的普通法原则，但这些原则并不严密，而且主要与商标有关。在普通法制度下，并无涉及专利侵权的先例。

The Patent Law will come into force on a date specified in a Notification issued by the President. As of the time of writing, no such Notification has been issued.

专利法自总统发布的通知中确定之日起施行。截至本文件撰写之时，尚未发出此类通知。

Among other things, the Patent Law empowers the Supreme Court to establish a Court of Intellectual Property Rights to hear civil and criminal cases concerning the infringement of intellectual property rights. The court can only be established and its rules and regulations issued once the Patent Law has been brought into force.

《专利法》授权最高法院设立知识产权法院，审理涉及侵犯知识产权的民事和刑事案件。只有在《专利法》实施后，法院才能设立并发布其规则和条例。

1.2 Can the parties be required to undertake mediation before commencing court proceedings? Is mediation or arbitration a commonly used alternative to court proceedings?

1.2可否要求当事人在开展法律诉讼前进行调解？调解或仲裁是法庭诉讼的常用替代方法吗？

According to Section 113 of the Patent Law, patent-related disputes may be settled in an amicable manner or by arbitration or litigation. Therefore, it will be for the parties to the dispute to decide the method for resolving the dispute after the Patent Law is in force. Rules and regulations governing the litigation process have not been issued.

根据《专利法》第113条，专利纠纷可以通过友好方式解决，也可以通过仲裁、诉讼方式解决。因此，《专利法》实施后，应由当事人自行决定纠纷的解决方式。尚未颁布关于诉讼程序的规则和条例。

Under the existing practice, most patent disputes are negotiated and settled confidentially between the parties.

在现行惯例下，大多数专利纠纷都是当事人之间秘密协商解决的。

Arbitration can also be pursued if there is a specific agreement between the parties to settle disputes by arbitration, although it is unclear at present if any patent disputes are resolved this way.

尽管目前尚不清楚是否有通过仲裁解决纠纷的情况，但如果当事人之间有通过仲裁解决纠纷的具体协议，也可以进行仲裁。

According to the Law Amending the Code of Civil Procedure (Law No. 58/2021), a “Court-Led Mediation” will be available in civil cases from August 1, 2022. Further information on the procedural rules for this process have yet to be announced. Moreover, we will need to await the establishment of the Court of Intellectual Property Rights to determine if and how patent cases can be subject to mediation.

根据民事诉讼法修订法律（2021年58号法律），从2022年8月1日起，民事案件将实行“法院主导调解”。其他关于这一程序的程序规则信息尚未公布。此外，我们需要等待知识产权法院成立后，方能确定专利案件是否可以进行调解以及如何进行调解。

1.3 Who is permitted to represent parties to a patent dispute in court?

1.3谁可以在法庭上代表专利纠纷的当事人？

According to the Patent Law, a patent dispute is considered to be a civil case and not a criminal case. A Qualified Myanmar Attorney can represent parties before the court. Furthermore, an authorised representative of the patent owner or rights holder may represent parties to a patent dispute. However, additional announcements and guidelines for appointing representatives, including details as to the functions of representatives, will need to be issued once the Patent Law has been brought into force.

根据《专利法》，专利纠纷属于民事案件，而非刑事案件。合格的缅甸律师可以在法庭上代表当事人。此外，专利所有人或权利持有人的授权代表可以代表专利纠纷的当事人。但在《专利法》实施后，还需要发布关于任命代表的公告和准则，包括代表职能的详细规定。

1.4 What has to be done to commence proceedings, what court fees have to be paid and how long does it generally take for proceedings to reach trial from commencement?

1.4启动诉讼需要做些什么？需要支付哪些诉讼费？一般而言，诉讼程序从开始审理到审讯需耗费多长时间？

Under Section 119(a) of the Patent Law, the Supreme Court can issue rules, regulations, notifications, orders, directives and procedural rules to the judiciary relating to the enforcement of provisions of the law. Such rules will need to be issued once the Patent Law has been brought into force and the Court of Intellectual Property Rights has been established.

根据《专利法》第119（a）条，最高法院可以向司法机关发布与法律条款执行有关的规则、条例、通知、命令、指示和程序规则。一旦《专利法》生效，知识产权法院成立，则需要颁布这些规则。

1.5 Can a party be compelled to disclose relevant documents or materials to its adversary either before or after commencing proceedings, and if so, how?

1.5是否可以在诉讼开始前或开始后迫使一方当事人向对方披露相关文件或资料？如果可以，如何披露？

Section 103 of the Patent Law provides that the Court of Intellectual Property Rights can order a party to disclose evidence if the rights holder has submitted sufficient evidence to support their claim and that further evidence supporting their claim is in the possession of the other party. The court can protect the confidentiality of any disclosed information. Further procedural rules on such disclosures will need to be issued once the Patent Law has been brought into force.

《专利法》第103条规定，如果权利持有人已经提供了足够的证据支持其权利要求，并且支持其权利要求的其他证据为另一方所有，则知识产权法院可责令一方当事人公开证据。法院可以保护任何披露信息的机密性。一旦《专利法》生效，则需颁布关于此类披露的进一步程序规则。

1.6 What are the steps each party must take pre-trial? Is any technical evidence produced, and if so, how?

1.6各方在预审时须采取哪些步骤？是否提供了技术证据？如果有，是如何提供的？

Procedural rules on pre-trial steps will need to be issued once the Patent Law has been brought into force and the Court of Intellectual Property Rights has been established. Under the Patent Law, a copy of the certified Patent Certificate and documents signed and sealed by the Registrar can be submitted as evidence before the Court.

一旦《专利法》生效，知识产权法院成立，则需颁布关于预审步骤的程序规则。根据《专利法》，经认证的专利证书副本和经注册官签名盖章的文件可作为证据提交给法院。

1.7 How are arguments and evidence presented at the trial? Can a party change its pleaded arguments before and/or at trial?

1.7在审判中如何提出论据和证据？一方当事人可以在审判前和/或审判时更改其辩护论点吗？

Procedural rules on pre-trial steps will need to be issued once the Patent Law has been brought into force and the Court of Intellectual Property Rights has been established.

一旦《专利法》生效，知识产权法院成立，则需颁布关于预审步骤的程序规则。

Generally, arguments and evidence can be presented at the trial by way of oral evidence and/or written evidence. Oral evidence includes testimony under oath by witnesses in court, while written evidence will have to be presented to the court for inspection. A party may change its pleaded arguments before and/or at trial.

一般来说，可以在审判中以口头证据和/或书面证据的方式提出论据和证据。口头证据包括证人在法庭上宣誓作证，而书面证据则必须提交法庭审查。一方当事人可在审判前和/或审判时更改其辩护论点。

1.8 How long does the trial generally last and how long is it before a judgment is made available?

1.8审判一般要持续多长时间？需要多长时间才能作出判决？

As there is no precedent for patent cases, it is not possible to provide this information. As a general matter, the length of trial will depend on the amount of evidence and witnesses to be presented. In civil cases, it generally takes around 12–14 months from the date the complaint is filed for the judgment of the court of first instance to be issued.

由于没有专利案件的先例，因此无法提供此信息。一般来说，审判的时间长短取决于所提交证据和证人的数量。在民事案件中，从提交起诉之日起，一般需要12至14个月的时间一审法院才会作出判决。

1.9 Is there any alternative shorter, flexible or streamlined procedure available? If so, what are the criteria for eligibility and what is the impact on procedure and overall timing to trial?

1.9有没有其他更短、更灵活或更精简的程序？如果有，合格标准是什么？对审判程序和总体时长有何种影响？

The Patent Law does not make specific provision for streamlined proceedings. However, procedural rules will need to be issued once the Patent Law has been brought into force and the Court of Intellectual Property Rights has been established.

《专利法》未对简化的诉讼程序做出具体规定。然而，一旦《专利法》生效，知识产权法院成立，则需颁布程序规则。

1.10 Are judgments made available to the public? If not as a matter of course, can third parties request copies of the judgment?

1.10判决是否向公众公开？如果不公开，第三方可以理所当然地要求获得判决书的副本吗？

In Myanmar, judgments are not publicly accessible. The Supreme Court of the Union does publish some judgments from commercial cases on their official website, but there are no judgments relating to patents.

在缅甸，无法公开获得判决书。联邦最高法院确实在其官方网站上公布了一些商业案件的判决书，但没有与专利有关的判决书。

1.11 Are courts obliged to follow precedents from previous similar cases as a matter of binding or persuasive authority? Are decisions of any other jurisdictions of persuasive authority?

1.11法院是否有义务遵循以前类似案件的先例，作为具有约束力或说服力的权威？其他司法管辖区的决定是否具有说服力？

As the Court of Intellectual Property Rights has yet to be established and there is no precedent for patent infringement, it is not possible at this stage to say whether the court will be bound by precedent. This could be addressed in subsequent regulations.

由于知识产权法院尚未成立，也没有专利侵权的先例，目前法院是否会受到先例的约束还很难说。后续法规会解决这一问题。

1.12 Are there specialist judges or hearing officers, and if so, do they have a technical background?

1.12是否有专门的法官或听证官？如果有，他们是否有技术背景？

The Patent Law empowers the Supreme Court of the Union to establish a Court of Intellectual Property Rights and to appoint judges to that court. The law does not make any further provision as to the qualifications or experience that such judges must possess. This may ultimately be determined once the Patent Law has been brought into force and the Court of Intellectual Property Rights has been established.

《专利法》授权联邦最高法院设立知识产权法院并任命其法官的权力。该法并没有进一步规定这些法官必须具备的资格或经验。这些资格或经验可以在《专利法》生效且知识产权法院成立后最终确定。

1.13 What interest must a party have to bring (i) infringement, (ii) revocation, and (iii) declaratory proceedings?

1.13在提起（i）侵权诉讼，（ii）撤销诉讼及（iii）宣告诉讼时一方当事人须拥有何种权益？

Under the Patent Law, a party will be entitled to proceed with both infringement and/or revocation actions.

根据《专利法》，当事人有权提起侵权和/或撤销诉讼。

Nonetheless, there is no specific information relating to declaratory proceedings.

然而，并没有关于宣告式诉讼的具体资料。

The Patent Law states that to bring a patent infringement claim a claimant must provide sufficient evidence that they are the holder of the patent right that is being infringed or at risk of being infringed.

《专利法》规定，申请人提出专利侵权索赔，必须提供充分证据，证明自己是被侵权或有被侵权风险的专利权持有人。

By contrast, any person or legal entity can file a revocation claim with the Registrar and the patent will be revoked if one of the grounds for revocation is valid.

相比之下，任何个人或法人实体均可向注册局提出撤销要求，如果有任意一条撤销理由有效，则撤销该项专利。

1.14 If declarations are available, can they (i) address non-infringement, and/or (ii) claim coverage over a technical standard or hypothetical activity?

1.14如果声明有效，那么是否可以（i）解决非侵权问题，并/或（ii）对技术标准或假设活动提出索赔？

The Patent Law does not contain any specific provisions on this matter.

《专利法》对此没有具体规定。

1.15 Can a party be liable for infringement as a secondary (as opposed to primary) infringer? Can a party infringe by supplying part of, but not all of, the infringing product or process?

1.15作为间接侵权人（相对于直接侵权人）的一方是否需要承担侵权责任？一方当事人提供部分（而非全部）侵权产品或方法会构成侵权吗？

The Patent Law does not contain any specific provisions on secondary infringement. Rather, Section 52(b) provides generally that a patentee is allowed to file a civil action against persons who infringe their patent rights.

《专利法》对间接侵权没有具体规定。相反，第52（b）条中有如下通用规定：专利权人可以对侵犯其专利权的人提起民事诉讼。

1.16 Can a party be liable for infringement of a process patent by importing the product when the process is carried on outside the jurisdiction?

1.16当在司法管辖范围之外进行某一方法时，一方当事人进口产品时是否需要对方法专利侵权承担责任？

Yes. Under Section 52(a)(ii) of the Patent Law, a party can be liable for infringement of a process patent by importing a product produced overseas by an infringing process.

是。根据《专利法》第52（a）（ii）条，一方当事人进口采用侵权方法在海外生产的产品时需要承担方法专利侵权责任。

1.17 Does the scope of protection of a patent claim extend to non-literal equivalents (a) in the context of challenges to validity, and (b) in relation to infringement?

1.17专利权利要求的保护范围是否涵盖（a）在质疑有效性的背景下的非文字等同，以及（b）与侵权有关的非文字等同？

The Patent Law does not explain whether or not a patent claim extends to non-literal equivalents. In the context of infringement, there is currently no doctrine of equivalents and precedent alluding to the doctrine of equivalents.

《专利法》并未规定专利权利要求是否适用于非文字等同。在侵权的情况下，目前并没有等同原则，也没有类似先例。

1.18 Can a defence of patent invalidity be raised, and if so, how? Are there restrictions on such a defence e.g. where there is a pending opposition? Are the issues of validity and infringement heard in the same proceedings or are they bifurcated?

1.18是否可以提出专利无效的辩护？如果可以，如何提出？对此类辩护有什么限制条件吗？如：在有未决异议的情况下？有效性问题和侵权问题是在同一诉讼程序中审理的还是分开审理的？

The Patent Law allows the Registrar to revoke the patent if it receives the final order or judgment from the Court of Intellectual Property Rights regarding the application to revoke the patent. There is no mention of invalidity as a defence and this may be addressed in future regulations.

《专利法》规定，如果注册官收到知识产权法院关于撤销专利申请的终审裁定或判决，可以撤销该项专利。未提及无效性辩护，未来法规中可能会解决这一问题。

Issues of validity and infringement are handled by different authorities. The revocation process will go through the Registrar and can be appealed to the Agency and then to the Court of Intellectual Property Rights. Infringement proceedings will be brought to the Court directly.

有效性问题和侵权问题由不同机构处理。撤销程序可通过注册官向商标局提起上诉，然后向知识产权法院提起上诉来完成。侵权诉讼将直接提交法院。

1.19 Is it a defence to infringement by equivalence that the equivalent would have lacked novelty or inventive stepover the prior art at the priority date of the patent (the “Formstein defence”)?

1.19在专利的优先权日，等同物会缺乏新颖性或对先有技术的创造性，这是对等同侵权的辩护（“Formstein辩护”）吗?

The Patent Law does not establish such a defence, although it is possible that this may be addressed in future regulations or guidance.

《专利法》并未对此类抗辩理由作出规定，尽管未来法规或指南可能会解决这一问题。

1.20 Other than lack of novelty and inventive step, what are the grounds for invalidity of a patent?

1.20除了缺乏新颖性和创造性之外，专利无效的理由是什么？

According to the Patent Law, the grounds for invalidation include:

根据《专利法》，专利无效的理由包括：

Ÿ the subject matter of the patent is a non-patentable invention;

Ÿ 专利的主体是一项不可授予专利权的发明；

Ÿ the patentee is not entitled to the patent;

Ÿ 专利权人无权享有该专利权；

Ÿ the amendments to the patent application are beyond the scope of the description disclosed in the initial application;

Ÿ 对专利申请的修改超出了原申请公开的说明书范围；

Ÿ the patent has been obtained by means of fraud or the omission of prescribed important information;

Ÿ 以欺诈手段或漏报规定的重要信息取得专利权的；

Ÿ the claimed invention has been secretly used before the priority date; and

Ÿ 要求保护的发明在优先权日前已被秘密使用的；及

Ÿ the applicant for the patent fails to disclose the required information to the Registrar or cites false information.

Ÿ 专利申请人未向注册官披露所需信息或引用虚假信息的。

1.21 Are infringement proceedings stayed pending resolution of validity in another court or the Patent Office?

1.21侵权诉讼是否在另一法院或专利局解决有效性问题之前被搁置？

The Patent Law does not provide for a stay of proceedings in relation to infringement or validity actions. Thus, it is still not clear whether infringement proceedings will be stayed if there is a pending validity case before the Patent Office (Intellectual Property Department).

《专利法》对侵权诉讼或有效性诉讼不予中止。因此，尚不清楚在专利局（知识产权局）有未决的有效性案件的情况下，是否会中止侵权诉讼。

1.22 What other grounds of defence can be raised in addition to non-infringement or invalidity?

1.22除了非侵权或无效性之外，还可以提出哪些辩护理由？

The Patent Law does not specify any additional defences.

《专利法》未对其他辩护作出规定。

1.23 (a) Are preliminary injunctions available on (i) an ex parte basis, or (ii) an inter partes basis? In each case, what is the basis on which they are granted and is there a requirement for a bond? Is it possible to file protective letters with the court to protect against ex parte injunctions? (b) Are final injunctions available? (c) Is a public interest defence available to prevent the grant of injunctions where the infringed patent is for a life-saving drug or medical device? (Please cross-refer to your answer to question 3.2 if compulsory licensing may be available in this scenario).

1.23（a）是在（i）单方基础，还是（ii）当事人双方基础上颁发初步禁令的？在不同情况下，颁发初步禁令的基础是什么？对保证书有要求吗？有无可能向法院提交保护函，防止单方面禁令？（b）可颁发最后禁令吗？（c）如果被侵权专利是救命药品或医疗器械的专利，是否可以利用公共利益辩护来防止颁发禁令？（如果在这种情况下可能会有强制许可，请参见您对问题3.2的回答）。

According to the Patent Law, preliminary injunctions are available, and a rights holder can apply to the Court of Intellectual Property Rights for an order of provisional measure to protect against damages. Final injunctions are also available. The requirements for each type of injunction are as follows.

根据《专利法》，可以使用初步禁令，权利持有人可以向知识产权法院申请临时措施令，防止损害。也可以使用最后禁令。各种禁令要求如下。

In inter partes matters, the claimant must submit reasonably sufficient evidence that the applicant is the rights holder and that the patent right is being infringed or at risk of being infringed. Moreover, they must provide sufficient security, which is to prevent the misuse of provisional measures.

如果是当事人双方之间的事项，申请人必须提供充分合理的证据，证明申请人是权利持有人，其专利权正在被侵犯或有被侵犯的风险。此外，须提供足够安全，防止临时措施的滥用。

As for ex parte matters, apart from the above-mentioned factors, the claimant also has to prove that any kind of delay would have an adverse effect that cannot be remedied or that there is a concern that the evidence is at risk of being destroyed.

对于单方事项，除上述因素外，申请人还须证明，任何形式的延误都会产生无法补救的不利影响，或证据有被销毁的风险。

Once the injunction order is issued, the Defendant can request a revocation of the order. The final injunction will be issued as a court decision. The final injunction must be within the scope of the claim of the plaintiff.

一旦禁令颁布，被告可要求撤销该禁令。最后禁令将作为法院判决颁布。最后禁令必须在原告的权利要求范围内。

Section 65(a)(i) of the Patent Law states that, if it is of essential necessity for the public health sector, a compulsory licence must be issued to a person or legal entity. However, there is no specific provision for a public interest defence to prevent the grant of injunctions where the infringed patent is for a life-saving drug or medical device.

《专利法》第65（a）（i）条规定，如果公共卫生部门需要，必须向个人或法人实体颁发强制许可。但如果被侵权专利是救命药品或医疗器械专利，那么尚无关于公共利益辩护的具体规定，此类辩护用于防止禁令颁发。

1.24 Are damages or an account of profits assessed with the issues of infringement/validity or separately? On what basis are damages or an account of profits assessed? Are punitive/flagrancy damages available?

1.24损害赔偿或利润账目是与侵权/有效性问题一起评估，还是分别评估？评估损害赔偿或利润账目的依据是什么？是否可以获得惩罚性/恶意损害赔偿？

Damages or an account of profits are only assessed together with the issue of infringement. Section 99(b) of the Patent Law stipulates that the Court of Intellectual Property Rights may issue an order that the infringer pay sufficient compensation to the rights holder. In appropriate cases, the court may also issue an order for the payment of damages specified in advance by reference to damage suffered by the rights holder or the benefits enjoyed by the infringer. Punitive damages are not available in Myanmar.

损害赔偿或利润账目只能与侵权问题一起评估。《专利法》第99（b）条规定，知识产权法院可以发布命令，要求侵权人向权利持有人支付足够的赔偿。在适当情况下，法院还可以参照权利持有人遭受的损害或侵权人享有的利益，下达预先指定的损害赔偿令。在缅甸无惩罚性赔偿。

1.25 How are orders of the court enforced (whether they be for an injunction, an award of damages or for any other relief)?

1.25法院的命令如何执行（无论是强制令、损害赔偿裁决还是任何其他救济）？

The Patent Law does not include specific provision for how orders of the court will be enforced. As a general matter, court judgments and orders are enforced in accordance with the court’s procedural rules.

《专利法》没有对如何执行法院命令作出具体规定。一般情况下，法院判决和命令根据法院的程序规则执行。

1.26 What other form of relief can be obtained for patent infringement? Would the tribunal consider granting cross-border relief?

1.26专利侵权还可以获得哪些形式的救济？仲裁庭是否会考虑给予跨境救济？

The Patent Law does not make specific provision for cross-border relief. Under the Patent Law, forms of relief include:

《专利法》没有对跨境救济做出具体规定。根据《专利法》，救济形式包括：

Ÿ an order to pay appropriated expenses, including the court fees and attorney fees of the rights holder;

Ÿ 命令支付适当的费用，包括诉讼费和权利持有人的律师费；

Ÿ the destruction of infringing articles or the prevention of entering channels of commerce; and

Ÿ 销毁侵权物品或阻止其进入商业渠道；以及

Ÿ an order to destroy equipment used to create infringing goods or to prohibit their entry into channels of commerce without the payment of compensation.

Ÿ 命令销毁用于制造侵权产品的设备，或禁止侵权产品在不支付赔偿的情况下进入商业渠道。

1.27 How common is settlement of infringement proceedings prior to trial?

1.27侵权诉讼在审判前达成和解的情况普遍吗？

There is no precedent or common procedure for the settlement of patent disputes. It is currently difficult to bring formal legal proceedings in relation to patent infringement and cases will typically be settled privately. However, it is difficult to say at this stage if this trend will continue once the Court of Intellectual Property Rights has been established.

目前还没有解决专利纠纷的先例或通用程序。目前，很难就专利侵权提起正式法律诉讼，案件通常会私下解决。然而，一旦知识产权法院成立，这种趋势是否会继续下去，在现阶段还很难说。

1.28 After what period is a claim for patent infringement time-barred?

1.28专利侵权索赔的时效期限是多长？

The Patent Law does not specify a prescription period for patent infringement claims.

《专利法》没有规定专利侵权索赔的时效期限。

1.29 Is there a right of appeal from a first instance judgment, and if so, is it a right to contest all aspects of the judgment?

1.29对一审判决是否有权上诉，如果有，是否有权对判决的所有方面提出异议？

As noted above, the Supreme Court of the Union will establish the Court of Intellectual Property Rights once the Patent Law has been brought into force. Section 95(d) of the Patent Law provides that the Supreme Court shall determine how appeals from the Court of Intellectual Property Rights should be handled. As such, while it is established that there must be a right of appeal, neither the court that will hear the appeal nor the specifics of the matters which can be appealed have been determined. These are matters that will need to be specified in subsequent regulations.

如上所述，一旦《专利法》生效，联邦最高法院将设立知识产权法院。《专利法》第95（d）条规定，最高法院应决定如何处理来自知识产权法院的上诉。因此，虽然已确定必须有上诉权，但审理上诉的法院和可上诉事项的具体细节均未确定。这些都需要在以后的条例中予以明确。

1.30 What effect does an appeal have on the award of: (i) an injunction; (ii) an enquiry as to damages or an account of profits; or (iii) an order that a patent be revoked?

1.30上诉对以下事项的裁决有何影响：（i）禁令；（ii）关于损害赔偿或利润账目的查询；或（iii）撤销专利的命令？

Please refer to question 1.29 above. The effect of an appeal on an award of an injunction, enquiry or order will need to be specified in subsequent regulations.

请参见上文问题1.29。上诉对禁令、查询或命令的裁决的影响，需要在其后的条例中明确规定。

1.31 Is an appeal by way of a review or a rehearing? Can new evidence be adduced on appeal?

1.31上诉是复审还是重审？上诉时能否援引新证据？

Please refer to question 1.29 above. The specifics of the appeal process will need to be specified in subsequent regulations.

请参见上文问题1.29。上诉程序的具体细节，需要在以后的条例中明确规定。

1.32 How long does it usually take for an appeal to be heard?

1.32上诉通常需要多长时间才能开庭审理？

Please refer to question 1.29 above.

请参见上文问题1.29。

1.33 How many levels of appeal are there? Is there a right to a second level of appeal? How often in practice is there a second level of appeal in patent cases?

1.33上诉分为几级？是否有权提起第二级上诉？在专利案件中，第二级上诉的频率是多少？

Please refer to question 1.29 above. While Section 95(d) of the Patent Law provides that provisions must be made for an appeal process, it does not specify the number of levels of appeal that must be established.

请参见上文问题1.29。虽然《专利法》第95（d）条规定必须对上诉程序作出规定，但并未明确规定必须设立的上诉级别。

1.34 What are the typical costs of proceedings to a first instance judgment on: (i) infringement; and (ii) validity? How much of such costs are recoverable from the losing party? What are the typical costs of an appeal and are they recoverable?

1.34一般来说，一审判决的典型诉讼费用是多少：（i）侵权；以及（ii）有效性？这些费用中有多少可以从败诉方收回？上诉的典型费用是多少？这些费用是否可以收回？

As the Court of Intellectual Property Rights has yet to be established, information regarding typical costs is not available. Similarly, information regarding the typical costs of an appeal is not available.

由于知识产权法院尚未成立，因此没有关于一般费用的信息。同样，也没有关于一般上诉费用的资料。

Under Section 99(c) of the Patent Law, the Court of Intellectual Property Rights may order that an infringer pay reasonable expenses incurred by the rights holder, including court fees and attorney fees. However, it is not possible to say at this stage what level of costs would typically be recoverable.

根据《专利法》第99（c）条，知识产权法院可命令侵权人向权利持有人支付发生的合理费用，包括诉讼费和律师费。不过，现阶段还无法确定通常可收回多少费用。

1.35 For jurisdictions within the European Union: What is the status in your jurisdiction on ratifying the Unified Patent Court Agreement and preparing for the unitary patent package? For jurisdictions outside of the European Union: Are there any mutual recognition of judgments arrangements relating to patents, whether formal or informal, that apply in your jurisdiction?

1.35对于欧盟内的司法管辖区：您的管辖区内，在批准统一专利法院协定和准备单一专利“一揽子法规”方面的情况如何？对于欧盟以外的司法管辖区：在您的管辖区内，是否存在有正式或非正式的专利判决相互承认的安排？

This is not applicable to our jurisdiction.

这不适用于我们的管辖范围。

2. Patent Amendment

2.专利修改

2.1 Can a patent be amended ex parte after grant, and if so, how?

2.1专利在授予后可以单方面修改吗，如果可以，如何修改？

The Patent Law contains basic provisions on the process for registering a patent with the Intellectual Property Department. However, it is possible that the process could be elaborated by further regulations and announcements once the Patent Law has been brought into force.

《专利法》对在知识产权局注册专利的程序作了基本规定。不过，一旦《专利法》生效，有可能会通过进一步的规定和公告，对这一过程进行详细说明。

Section 28 of the Patent Law allows an applicant to amend a patent application before the patent is granted. Section 40(b) allows a patentee to apply to amend a patent after it has been granted, but only to amend clerical and other correctable errors, including the nationality and address that were recorded at the Registry.

《专利法》第28条规定，申请人在授予专利前，可以修改专利申请。第40（b）条规定，允许专利权人在专利授予后申请修改专利，但仅限于修改文书错误和其他可纠正的错误，包括注册处记录的国籍和地址。

2.2 Can a patent be amended in inter partes revocation/invalidity proceedings?

2.2专利是否可以在当事人双方之间的撤销/无效程序中进行修改？

There is currently no specific provision in the Patent Law on the inter partes amendment of patents during revocation/invalidity proceedings. We expect this to be addressed after the Patent Law is brought into force and subsequent rules and regulation are issued.

目前，《专利法》中没有关于在撤销/无效程序期间，当事人双方之间修改专利的具体规定。我们期望随着《专利法》的实施，以及后续规则和条例的出台，这一问题能够得到解决。

2.3 Are there any constraints upon the amendments that may be made?

2.3对可以进行的修改是否有任何限制？

Under the Patent Law, amendments that go beyond the scope claimed in the initial application are not permissible. Further rules, regulations, and guidelines have yet to be published by the officials.

根据《专利法》规定，不允许对首次申请所要求的范围进行修改。官方尚未公布进一步的规则、条例和准则。

3. Licensing

3.许可

3.1 Are there any laws which limit the terms upon which parties may agree a patent licence?

3.1是否有任何法律限制当事人商定专利许可的条款？

Section 61 of the Patent Law provides that a patentee or their licensee must apply to the Registrar to record the granting of a licence. Section 62 provides that the Registrar will record the granting of the licence if it does not abuse patent rights, does not oppose competition, does not directly or indirectly harm the interests of the State and is not likely to hinder or interfere with technical expertise and development.

《专利法》第61条规定，专利权人或其被许可人必须向注册官申请记录许可的授予情况。第62条规定，如果许可证的授予不滥用专利权、不妨碍竞争、不直接或间接损害国家利益，并且不可能妨碍或干扰技术专长和发展，则注册官将记录在案。

In addition, under the Competition Law, parties cannot engage in conduct that restrains or controls production, market acquisition, technology and development or technology and investment by any person.

此外，根据《竞争法》规定，各方不得从事限制或控制任何人的生产、市场获取、技术与开发或技术与投资的行为。

3.2 Can a patent be the subject of a compulsory licence, and if so, how are the terms settled and how common is this type of licence?

3.2专利能否成为强制许可的主体？如果可以，条款是如何确定的，这种类型的许可是否普遍？

According to the provisions of the Patent Law, any person or legal entity can apply for a compulsory licence in any of the following situations: (i) essential necessity for the State’s security, food supply, health sector or important sectors related to national interests; (ii) if the practices of the patentee or licensee are decided by a concerned authority to be anti-competitive, and the use of invention can remedy the anti-competitive practice; (iii) if the patentee misuses its exclusive rights or neglects the licensee’s misuse of licensed exclusive rights; (iv) inability to obtain sufficient quantity or quality or a fair price in the country by manufacturing or exporting the invention; and (v) if the invention claimed in a second patent involves a significantly important technical advance for the economy in relation to the invention claimed in the first patent, and the second patent cannot be performed without violating the first patent.

根据《专利法》的规定，有下列情形之一的，任何人或者法人都可以申请强制许可：（i）国家安全、食品供应、卫生部门或与国家利益有关的重要部门的基本需求；（ii）专利权人或被许可人的做法被有关当局认定为反竞争的，而使用发明可以弥补其反竞争行为的；（iii）专利权人滥用其专有权或忽视被许可人滥用许可专有权的；（iv）不能在国内制造或出口获得足够数量、质量或公平价格的；以及（v）第二项专利所要求的发明与第一项专利所要求的发明相比，涉及对经济具有重大意义的技术进步，并且在不违反第一项专利的情况下无法实施第二项专利。

4. Patent Term Extension

4.专利期限延长

4.1 Can the term of a patent be extended, and if so, (i) on what grounds, and (ii) for how long?

4.1专利的期限是否可以延长？如果可以，（i）理由是什么？（ii）延长多长时间？

According to the Patent Law, there is no provision to extend the term of a patent. The law states that the term of a patent is 20 years from the date of application and the annual fee must be paid periodically to maintain patent rights.

《专利法》没有规定延长专利权的期限。法律规定，专利的期限为自申请之日起20年，并且必须定期缴纳年费以维持专利权。

5. Patent Prosecution and Opposition

5.专利起诉与反对

5.1 Are all types of subject matter patentable, and if not, what types are excluded?

5.1是否所有类型的主体都可以申请专利？如果不是，不包含哪些类型的主体？

According to Section 14 of the Patent Law, the following inventions are non-patentable and not protected:

根据《专利法》第14条规定，下列发明不可申请专利，不受专利保护：

discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical calculation methods;

发现、科学理论和数学计算方法；

a mere scheme or rule or method of doing business or performing mental acts or playing games;

仅仅是做生意、进行精神行为或玩游戏的计划、规则或方法；

Ÿ a mere computer program;

Ÿ 仅仅是一个计算机程序；

Ÿ biological production processes essential for the planting and breeding of plants and animals except non-biological and microbiological processes;

Ÿ 动植物种植、养殖所必需的生物生产过程，非生物和微生物过程除外；

Ÿ except artificial microbiology, all animal varieties and plant varieties, which includes all animal and plant species including whole or part of life and organisms found in nature, DNA including complementary DNA sequences, cells, cell lines, cell cultures and seeds;

Ÿ 除人工微生物学外，所有动物品种和植物品种，其中包括所有动物和植物物种，包括自然界中发现的全部或部分生命和有机体、DNA，包括互补DNA序列、细胞、细胞系、细胞培养物和种子；

Ÿ surgical or therapeutic methods applied to the human and animal body, including the diagnostic techniques obtained from experiments on the human or animal body;

Ÿ 应用于人体和动物体的手术或治疗方法，包括从人体或动物体实验中获得的诊断技术；

Ÿ naturally existing objects or known objects, including new usages and new forms, and chemical products prescribed from time to time and inventions related to those; and

Ÿ 自然存在的物体或已知的物体，包括新用途和新形式，以及不时规定的化学产品和与之相关的发明；以及

Ÿ inventions that may be contrary to public order or morality, or which cause serious prejudice to humans, animals or plants or health or to the environment, and inventions prohibited for use within the territory of the State under any existing law.

Ÿ 可能违反公共秩序或道德，或对人类、动物、或植物、或健康或环境造成严重损害的发明，以及根据任何现行法律，禁止在本国境内使用的发明。

Furthermore, the invention of pharmaceutical products or production processes shall not be protected until January 1, 2033, unless the Union Government specifies otherwise.

此外，除非联邦政府另有规定，否则医药产品或生产工艺的发明在2033年1月1日之前不受保护。

The Patent Law states that, unless specified otherwise by the Union Government, chemical substances used in agriculture, food products, and microbiological products cannot be protected by a patent until July 1, 2021, in accordance with the policy of the World Trade Organization’s (the WTO) Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. While this date has passed, there has been no clear confirmation as to whether such products will be capable of protection by a patent once the Patent Law is brought into force.

《专利法》规定，除非联邦政府另有规定，根据世界贸易组织（WTO）与贸易有关的知识产权理事会的政策，在2021年7月1日之前，农业、食品和微生物产品中使用的化学物质不能获得专利保护。虽然这一日期已经过去，但《专利法》一旦生效，这类产品是否能够获得专利保护，目前还没有明确的说法。

5.2 Is there a duty to the Patent Office to disclose prejudicial prior disclosures or documents? If so, what are the consequences of failure to comply with the duty?

5.2专利局是否有义务披露有偏见的事先公开或文件？如果是，不履行义务的后果是什么？

There is no specific requirement under the Patent Law to disclose prejudicial prior disclosures to the Patent Office (Intellectual Property Department). Nonetheless, according to the Patent Law, the whole or a part of a patent shall be revoked if it is revealed that the patent has been obtained by any means of fraud or the omission of prescribed important information, if the invention for which a patent is requested has been secretly used before the priority date, or if the applicant fails to disclose the required information or describes false information to the Registrar. The term “prescribed important information”, the omission of which can lead to the revocation of the patent, is not defined in the Patent Law itself.

《专利法》中没有关于向专利局（知识产权局）披露有偏见的事先公开信息的具体要求。然而，根据《专利法》的规定，如果发现专利是通过任何欺诈手段或遗漏规定的重要信息而获得的，或者申请专利的发明在优先权日之前已被秘密使用，或者申请人未向注册官披露所要求的信息或描述虚假信息的，则其全部或部分专利将被撤销。《专利法》本身没有对“规定的重要信息”一词进行定义，遗漏这些信息可能导致专利被撤销。

5.3 May the grant of a patent by the Patent Office be opposed by a third party, and if so, when can this be done?

5.3第三方是否可以对专利局授予的专利提出异议？如果可以，什么时候可以这样做？

Any third party can file an opposition to a patent within 90 days from the date of publication of the patent application. For petty patents, any third party can file an opposition within 60 days from the date of publication of the patent application.

任何第三方都可以在专利申请公布之日起90天内提出异议。对于小专利，任何第三方都可以在专利申请公布之日起60天内提出异议。

5.4 Is there a right of appeal from a decision of the Patent Office, and if so, to whom?

5.4对专利局的决定是否有上诉权？如果有，向谁提出上诉？

Any decision made by the Registrar under the Patent Law can be appealed to the Agency within 60 days from the date of the announcement of the decision. A decision of the Agency can be appealed to the Court of Intellectual Property, in accordance with authority conferred by the Supreme Court, within 90 days of the receipt of the decision.

对于注册官根据《专利法》做出的任何决定，可在决定公布之日起60天内，向该局提出上诉。根据最高法院的授权，可在收到该机构的决定后90天内向知识产权法院提出上诉。

5.5 How are disputes over entitlement to priority and ownership of the invention resolved?

5.5有关发明优先权和所有权的争议如何解决？

The Patent Law states that if the same patent is applied for on different days by more than one person for inventions created separately, the patent must be granted to the earlier application, provided it meets the required specifications. If each applicant claims priority or exhibition priority and there is a dispute, the applicant who claims the earliest priority date and complies with specifications will be granted the registration.

《专利法》规定，如果多个人在不同日期，为单独创造的发明申请同一专利的，只要符合所要求的规范，则必须将专利授予给较早申请人。如果每个申请人都要求优先权或展示优先权，且存在争议，则要求优先权日期最早且符合规范的申请人将获得登记。

If the same patent is applied for on the same day by more than one person or the persons claim the same priority date, the Registrar will instruct the applicants to discuss between themselves and resubmit, within a specified timeline, the name of the person they desire to prescribe as the patent applicant. If the parties agree to file as joint applicants, such an application must be submitted to the Registrar. If no agreement is reached, the Registrar will determine how the matter should be resolved.

如果同一专利在同一天由多人申请，或者这些人要求相同的优先权日，注册官将指示申请人彼此进行讨论，并在规定时间内重新提交他们希望指定为专利申请人的姓名。如果各方同意以共同申请人的身份提出申请，则必须向注册官提交该申请。如果不能达成协议，将由注册官决定如何解决该问题。

5.6 Is there a “grace period” in your jurisdiction, and if so, how long is it?

5.6您的司法管辖区是否有“宽限期”？如果有，宽限期是多长？

According to the Patent Law, there is a six-month grace period for the payment of the annual fee from the date the payment is due.

根据《专利法》的规定，年费自到期之日起，有六个月的宽限期。

5.7 What is the term of a patent?

5.7专利的期限是多长？

The term of a patent is 20 years from the date of application, and the term of a petty patent is 10 years from the date of the application under the Patent Law.

根据《专利法》规定，专利的期限为自申请之日起20年，小专利的期限为自申请之日起10年。

5.8 Is double patenting allowed?

5.8是否允许双重专利申请？

No. According to the provisions of the Patent Law, an application for a patent shall apply to only one invention or to a group of inventions related to a single general inventive concept.

不允许。根据《专利法》的规定，一件专利申请只适用于一项发明或与一个总体发明构思有关的一组发明。

5.9 For jurisdictions within the European Union: Once the Unified Patent Court Agreement enters into force, will a Unitary Patent, on grant, take effect in your jurisdiction?

5.9对于欧盟内的司法管辖区：一旦统一专利法院协定生效，单一专利在授权后是否在您的司法管辖区生效？

This is not applicable to our jurisdiction.

这不适用于我们的管辖范围。

6. Border Control Measures

6.边境管制措施

6.1 Is there any mechanism for seizing or preventing the importation of infringing products, and if so, how quickly are such measures resolved?

6.1是否有扣押或防止进口侵权产品的机制，如果有，其解决速度有多快？

According to the Patent Law, a patentee has exclusive rights to prevent third parties from importing its patented product or process without its consent. The Court of Intellectual Property Rights can issue provisional measures preventing the entry of patent-infringing goods into Myanmar channels of commerce, including imported goods that have been cleared and for which taxes have been paid. In the course of litigation, the court can also issue an order preventing patent-infringing products from entering into channels of commerce. However, subsequent rules and regulations will need to be issued once the Patent Law has been brought into force.

根据《专利法》规定，专利权人拥有防止第三方未经其同意进口其专利产品或工艺的专有权。知识产权法院可以发布临时措施，阻止侵犯专利的商品进入缅甸的商业渠道，包括已清关并已缴纳税款的进口商品。在诉讼过程中，法院也可以发布命令，禁止侵犯专利的产品进入商业渠道。不过，一旦《专利法》生效，还需要颁布后续规则和条例。

More generally, border control measures can be imposed by the Myanmar Customs Department (the MCD). The MCD is authorised to examine, investigate, and seize infringing products entering Myanmar by any mode of transport under the existing laws, such as the Sea Customs Act. However, there are no specific regulations or guidelines on the seizure of patent-infringing products.

一般而言，边境管制措施可由缅甸海关总署（MCD）实施。根据现行法律，如《海关法》，缅甸海关总署有权检查、调查和扣押通过任何运输方式进入缅甸的侵权产品。不过，到目前为止，还没有关于扣押专利侵权产品的具体规定或准则。

7. Antitrust Law and Inequitable Conduct

7.反垄断法和不公平行为

7.1 Can antitrust law be deployed to prevent relief for patent infringement being granted?

7.1是否可以利用反垄断法来阻止对专利侵权的救济？

There are no clear and specific provisions or regulation available at this stage.

现阶段还没有明确具体的规定或可用法规。

7.2 What limitations are put on patent licensing due to antitrust law?

7.2反垄断法对专利许可设置了哪些限制？

As noted above, Section 62 of the Patent Law provides that the Registrar will not record the grant of a licence if, among other things, the licence constrains competition. In addition, under the Competition Law, parties cannot engage in conduct that restrains or controls production, market acquisition, technology and development or technology and investment by any person.

如上所述，《专利法》第62条规定，除其他外，如果许可限制竞争，注册官将不会记录许可的授予。此外，根据《竞争法》规定，各方不得从事限制或控制任何人的生产、市场获取、技术与开发或技术与投资的行为。

7.3 In cases involving standard essential patents, are technical trials on patent validity and infringement heard separately from proceedings relating to the assessment of fair reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licences?

7.3在涉及标准基本专利的案件中，关于专利有效性和侵权的技术审判是否与评估公平合理和非歧视性（FRAND）许可的诉讼分开审理？

Do courts set FRAND terms (or would they do so in principle)?  Do courts grant FRAND injunctions, i.e. final injunctions against patent infringement unless and until defendants enter into a FRAND licence?

法院是否设定了FRAND条款（或者原则上会这样做）？  除非被告获得FRAND许可，否则法院是否会发布FRAND禁令，即针对专利侵权的最终禁令？

There is no provision in the Patent Law on these matters.

《专利法》中没有关于这些事项的规定。

8. Current Developments

8.发展现状

8.1 What have been the significant developments in relation to patents in the last year?

8.1在过去一年中，专利方面有哪些重大进展？

There has been no further development since the Patent Law was enacted on March 11, 2019.

自2019年3月11日《专利法》颁布以来，这一领域没有进一步发展。

8.2 Are there any significant developments expected in the next year?

8.2预计明年会有什么重大发展？

We are currently waiting for the Patent Law to be brought into force. However, no firm date has been given for when the commencement date will be set. Once the Patent Law has been brought into force, it is expected that there will be further developments, including the issuance of rules, regulations and procedures by the relevant authorities and the establishment of the Court of Intellectual Property Rights by the Supreme Court.

我们目前正在等待《专利法》生效。不过，尚未确定何时开始实施。一旦《专利法》生效，预计将会有进一步发展，包括有关当局发布规则、条例和程序，以及最高法院设立知识产权法院。

8.3 Are there any general practice or enforcement trends that have become apparent in your jurisdiction over the last year or so?

8.3在过去一年左右的时间里，您的司法管辖区内是否有明显的一般惯例或执法趋势？

In the absence of any substantive patent law and enforcement proceedings, it is not possible to provide an assessment of any trends.

在没有任何实质性专利法和执行程序的情况下，不可能对任何趋势进行评估。

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